Professor Muditha Vidanapathirana & Dr. Ruwaan M Jayatunge
Serial homicide is defined as the unlawful killing of two or more individuals in separate events, according to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI, 2005). Hickey (2016) explains that serial killers engage in a series of murders, often driven by psychological motives and identifiable patterns or methods. These individuals frequently feel an irresistible urge to kill, influenced by various factors such as a quest for power, control, or the need to satisfy profound psychological impulses (Hare, 1999).
According to Hickey (2016) Serial murders are characterized by a series of homicides, typically committed by the same individual over a period of time, with a distinct cooling-off period between each crime. These murders often exhibit specific patterns, including the selection of victims based on particular traits, such as age, gender, or lifestyle, which can reflect the perpetrator's psychological motivations. Reid (2016) indicates that Serial homicide is an intentional, premeditated act, not a crime carried out on impulse or in response to a perceived provocation or threat.
The rise of serial murder is seldom linked to a singular factor; rather, experts consider it a confluence of genetic tendencies, psychological growth, and particular social circumstances. Psychologically, many serial killers exhibit traits associated with antisocial personality disorder, including a lack of empathy, impulsivity, and a propensity for manipulation, which can drive them to commit heinous acts without remorse. (Stone, 2001).
Marono et al. (2020) proposed that early childhood sexual abuse correlates with violent behaviours at crime scenes, such as mutilation, torture, and binding, while physical or psychological abuse is often associated with overkill. Arrigo and Griffin (2004) suggest that maladaptive attachment styles formed in childhood may lead to the emergence of serial killing tendencies. Leyton (2005) emphasizes that social factors, including isolation and a lack of supportive relationships, can exacerbate feelings of alienation, potentially motivating individuals to exert power and control through violence, which may manifest as serial killing. Additionally, genetic factors significantly influence the propensity for extreme violence, with research identifying specific genetic markers associated with traits like impulsivity, aggression, and reduced empathy, traits commonly observed in serial offenders (Tiihonen et al., 2015).
Throughout history, numerous serial killers have gained infamy, including figures such as Jack the Ripper from the United Kingdom in 1888, Ted Bundy from the USA, Andrei Chikatilo from the Soviet Union, Luis Garavito from Colombia, Javed Iqbal from Pakistan, Charles Sobhraj from French Indochina, Kampatimar Shankariya from India, and Robert Pickton from Canada. Notably, until 2003, Sri Lanka had not recorded any cases of serial murders, marking a significant contrast to the global prevalence of such crimes.
The
First Recorded Serial Killer in Sri Lanka
In 2003, a mobile vendor from the Madugoda area, located near Udadumbara in the Kandy district, was apprehended in connection with a series of atrocious crimes. This individual, who operated as a travelling salesman selling household items between 10:00 AM and 12:00 noon, specifically targeted vulnerable women living alone, and in some instances, even a child. The perpetrator, known as the "Madugoda Serial Killer," was identified by investigations led by the Kandy Police as a suspect in multiple murders, which he committed primarily through strangulation. His actions were driven not by a desire for material gain but rather by a disturbing need for emotional gratification and sadistic satisfaction, stemming from a troubled childhood marked by paternal neglect and a lack of maternal affection. This emotional turmoil likely fueled his resentment towards female figures, influencing his choice of victims. Officially, he is linked to the murders of seven individuals, each case reflecting the deep-seated issues that plagued his early years and shaped his violent tendencies.
M. G. Nawarathna: From
Child Monk to a Serial Killer
M. G. Nawarathna emerged as a notorious serial killer in Sri Lanka during the early 2000s, with his criminal activities spanning from 2000 to 2003. His chilling reputation is largely attributed to his background in law enforcement, having served as a Police Constable, and his methodical approach to committing crimes. Nawarathna had a complex history, having once been ordained as a Buddhist monk before transitioning to a career in policing. Over the course of his criminal career, he was responsible for the murders of 11 individuals, predominantly targeting women—ten of his victims were female, alongside a tragic case involving a four-year-old boy. His heinous acts primarily took place in the regions of Weyangoda, Warakapola, and Nittambuwa, where he specifically sought out solitary women to rob them of their jewelry and other valuables. Nawarathna's reign of terror came to an end in November 2003 when he was apprehended by the Special Task Force and the Central Province Special Investigation Unit, following the discovery of his last victim, a young girl from Pamunugama, whose body was found in Hamilton Lake. After his arrest, he was tried and, in July 2012, found guilty of murder by the High Court of Kegalle, receiving a death sentence. His subsequent appeal to the Court of Appeal was dismissed later that same year, solidifying his status as one of Sri Lanka's most infamous criminals.
Kotakethana
Serial Killer
Neil Lakshman, active between 2008 and 2015, was implicated in the murders of six women in the Kahawatta and Kotakethana regions. A comprehensive investigation spanning seven years ultimately uncovered DNA evidence that connected him to several crime scenes. Psychological evaluations indicated that his violent tendencies were likely rooted in childhood trauma; he reportedly experienced profound anger after being ridiculed by an elderly woman during his youth. This early humiliation seemingly fostered a deep-seated resentment towards older women, which experts suggest may explain his choice of victims—primarily single women over the age of 40 who lived alone. Over the course of his criminal activities, Lakshman is believed to have murdered between six and seven women, employing a heavy, sharp weapon to inflict multiple severe injuries, with each victim suffering at least nine significant wounds. Following the brutal attacks, he would place the bodies on a mattress and set the residence ablaze in an attempt to obliterate any evidence of his crimes. His actions were marked by extreme brutality, including instances of rape and vicious assaults with sharp instruments, often culminating in the incineration of the victims or their homes to eliminate traces of his odious acts. In February 2024, the Ratnapura High Court sentenced Lakshman to death for his crimes, bringing a measure of closure to the communities affected by his violent spree. analyzing murders in the Kahawatta area Vidanapathirana and team (2018) speculated the intriguing possibility of multiple, independent serial killers operating simultaneously within the same region.
The
"Beggars' Killer "
The "Beggars' Killer “was active between 2010 and 2011and exhibited pronounced anti-social traits and confessed to the brutal slaying of 14 individuals, primarily beggars, across nine towns, including Colombo. His modus operandi involved attacking his victims—most of whom were male—while they slept, delivering fatal blows to the head with heavy objects such as granite stones or concrete blocks. The murders took place during the early hours, typically between 2:00 AM and 4:00 AM, in locations like Wellawatta, Kotahena, and Slave Island, where he targeted those vulnerable and alone on the streets. Initially feigning an inability to communicate, he later revealed the details of his crimes, accurately identifying all the crime scenes to law enforcement. Of the 14 victims, 13 were beggars—11 men and 2 women—while the remaining victim was a drunken man found sleeping on the pavement. Although robbery was initially suspected as a motive, forensic investigations uncovered elements of ritualistic behaviour and distinct cooling-off periods between the murders. Furthermore, he admitted to attempting to sexually assault one female victim, indicating a complex psychological profile characterized by Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) and a profound internalized disdain for his own social group. As a beggar himself, he projected his self-hatred onto his victims, perceiving them as "worthless" and "burdensome" to society, which fueled his violent actions. Ultimately, he was deemed legally sane and fully cognizant of the ramifications of his brutal acts. Vidanapathirana (2013) concluded that the suspect met clinical criteria for a serial killer, including exhibiting anti-social personality traits and specific "cooling-off" periods between crimes.
The
Rise of Serial Murders in Sri Lanka
The emergence of serial murders in Sri Lanka has become a concerning phenomenon. Factors contributing to this unsettling trend may include socio-economic challenges, psychological issues, and a lack of effective law enforcement strategies to address such heinous crimes. The media coverage surrounding these incidents has further intensified public fear and anxiety, prompting discussions about the underlying causes and potential preventive measures.
The increase in serial murders within a society can often be attributed to a complex interplay of social, psychological, and environmental factors that create a conducive environment for such heinous acts. In areas characterized by significant social fragmentation, where individuals experience isolation, alienation, or a lack of community support, the conditions may inadvertently foster the rise of serial killers (Haggerty& Ellerbrok, 2011). Over the past fifty years in Sri Lanka, the society has undergone dramatic transformations, with social disintegration exacerbated by racial and political violence, particularly during the thirty-year armed conflict. These societal upheavals have instilled a profound sense of mistrust, alienation, and hostility among the populace (Jayatunge, 2015).
The increase in serial murders in Sri Lanka can be attributed to a range of underlying factors. Mental health issues, coupled with socioeconomic challenges like poverty and unemployment, often lead to feelings of frustration and hopelessness. These emotions can push individuals toward extreme behaviours to regain a sense of control or seek acknowledgment from society. Jayasundara (2021) argues that murder in Sri Lanka is primarily driven by socioeconomic deprivation and low educational attainment, leading individuals from marginalized backgrounds to react with extreme violence to trivial, daily life matters.
Over the past few decades, there has been a notable increase in child abuse, largely due to insufficient child protection measures, resulting in many adults emerging from troubled childhoods. Over the past two decades, statistics regarding child sexual abuse in Sri Lanka have revealed a troubling trend that underscores the urgent need for intervention and reform
Maternal deprivation is a prevalent issue in Sri Lanka, particularly among families with lower incomes, where many mothers seek employment opportunities in Middle Eastern countries. This migration often results in children being raised by their grandparents or other relatives, leading to a significant absence of maternal affection and guidance during crucial developmental years. The emotional and psychological ramifications of this separation can be profound, as numerous children experience the effects of maternal deprivation syndrome, which can manifest in various behavioral and emotional challenges. Siriwardhana et al. (2015) argue that maternal labor migration in Sri Lanka leads to significant adverse mental health outcomes, including increased emotional and behavioral problems.
The cycle of trauma has led individuals to channel their frustrations and anger towards society. Additionally, significant social disruptions, such as the uprisings in 1971, the racial riots of 1983, and the prolonged civil war lasting 30 years, have further eroded the social fabric of the nation, contributing to a climate of violence and instability (Somasundaram, 2007).
Research conducted by Shanafelt and Pino (2015) highlights that the development of serial murderers is influenced by a complex interaction of personal history, psychological characteristics, and prevailing societal conditions. It is essential to recognize that such violent behavior arises not from a singular cause but from a confluence of biopsychosocial factors that culminate in extreme violence. Consequently, understanding the rise of serial killers within Sri Lankan society necessitates an examination of these multifaceted concepts.
The
Factors Prevented the Identification of Serial Murders in Sri Lanka
The lack of documented cases of "serial murder" in Sri Lanka before 2003 does not imply that such offenders were absent; instead, a combination of systemic and societal factors hindered their formal acknowledgment. Before this period, law enforcement and the medical community in Sri Lanka often regarded homicides as standalone events, neglecting to investigate potential serial connections.
During the tumultuous times of the JVP insurrection and the protracted armed conflict in the North, the primary focus of police and security forces was on counter-terrorism and national security, which resulted in many individual murder cases being inadequately explored. Furthermore, the absence of a robust criminal profiling system and limited forensic capabilities during this era significantly restricted the authorities' ability to discern patterns that might suggest serial criminal behaviour.
The case of the Madugoda Serial Killer, who operated between 2000 and 2003, is frequently referenced as the first officially recognized instance of serial murder in the recent history of the country, marking a pivotal moment in the understanding and classification of such crimes in Sri Lanka.
Challenges
Faced by Law Enforcement Officers
The challenges faced by law enforcement in Sri Lanka during investigations of serial murderers are both substantial and intricate. A significant issue is the lack of resources, which includes inadequate forensic technology and insufficient specialized training for officers dealing with serial crimes. This highlights the urgent need for ongoing education in areas such as criminal profiling and behavioral analysis. Furthermore, effective communication and collaboration among local police, national law enforcement, and forensic experts are crucial for enhancing evidence collection and identifying patterns across cases.
Understanding the psychological motives of serial killers, along with the socio-economic factors that contribute to their behavior, is essential for developing targeted prevention strategies. Engaging community members in discussions about crime prevention can foster increased awareness and vigilance regarding suspicious activities, while incorporating behavioral analysis into investigations can significantly improve the identification and apprehension of serial offenders.
Social
Buffers Against Serial Murder Activity
In Sri Lanka, various social mechanisms serve as protective barriers against the occurrence of serial murders. The community remains highly alert to the presence of unfamiliar individuals, and traditional neighborhood watch initiatives are actively engaged in monitoring local activities. Historically, Sri Lankan society has been characterized by strong interpersonal connections, fostering close-knit communities where residents are generally well-acquainted with each other's routines and backgrounds. This inherent social cohesion acts as a significant deterrent, complicating the efforts of clandestine, predatory individuals to operate without detection for extended periods. The collective vigilance and interconnectedness of the populace create an environment that is less conducive to the anonymity required for such heinous acts to flourish.
Preventive
Measures
To effectively combat the rise of serial murders in Sri Lanka, a comprehensive strategy is imperative, integrating law enforcement enhancements, community participation, and mental health support. Primarily, bolstering the skills of law enforcement personnel through targeted training in criminal profiling and behavioral analysis can greatly enhance their capacity to detect and apprehend potential serial offenders before their actions escalate. Moreover, fostering inter-agency collaboration and leveraging cutting-edge forensic technologies will facilitate the prompt collection and examination of evidence, thereby improving the likelihood of resolving cases efficiently. Equally important is the role of community engagement; public awareness initiatives can empower citizens to recognize and report suspicious activities, creating a vigilant society.
Additionally, addressing root social issues such as poverty and inadequate mental health services is vital in reducing the factors that lead to violent behavior. Establishing robust support systems for vulnerable individuals, including access to counseling and rehabilitation programs, can deter potential offenders from engaging in violence. Furthermore, prioritizing the prevention of child abuse and neglect is crucial, as affected children require psychological support to heal and thrive. By weaving together these diverse strategies, Sri Lanka can develop a holistic framework aimed at diminishing the threat of serial murders and promoting a safer environment for all its citizens.
Personal Communications
Professor Alexandr Bukhanovsky - Psychiatrist
Retired Senior DIG Mr. Nimal Madiwaka
Retired Senior DIG Mr. M.R. Latiff
References
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