My Travelogue of Dracula's Homeland – Romania

 

Dr. Ruwan M Jayatunge 

When I think about Dracula movies, my thoughts inevitably turn to Romania and Transylvania. I have seen several adaptations, with memorable performances including Bela Lugosi's iconic 1931 portrayal, Christopher Lee's various interpretations, Frank Langella's seductive 1979 version, and Francis Ford Coppola's 1992 film. Each of these movies evokes a sense of fear. I vividly recall watching Christopher Lee's “Dracula Has Risen from the Grave” on a solitary night in London. I was in my twenties and still captivated by the allure of horror. The film began at 10:30 p.m., and as I sat alone, I felt chills run down my spine. By the time the credits rolled at midnight, my heart raced, and I found solace in keeping a copy of the Buddhist Dhammapada under my pillow as I went to bed. 

In my opinion, Christopher Lee stands out as the classic portrayal of Dracula, with a tall physique and a sinister outlook. I'm most certain that I have seen all of Christopher Lee's Dracula movies. When I compare Christopher Lee with Claes Bang, the Danish actor from the 2020 Netflix series "Dracula," my initial impression is that Bang embodies a character reminiscent of James Bond, particularly akin to Pierce Brosnan. I perceive him as Bond embodying the essence of Dracula. However, the 2020 Netflix adaptation presents Dracula's castle as a far more menacing and foreboding setting, enhancing the overall atmosphere of dread in the series.

In 1990, shortly after the assassination of Nicolae Ceaușescu, Romanian communist politician and dictator, I had the opportunity to visit Romania, the land of Dracula. Upon arriving in Bucharest, the atmosphere was filled with chaos, visible poverty, and social disorder. A militia member warned us that people were so desperate they would loot bread, indicating it was unsafe to walk the streets with even a loaf. I initially believed it was an overstatement to keep us on the train. However, when our train stopped, vendors quickly surrounded us, eager to sell food and antiques in exchange for money. I managed to acquire a beautiful wooden vase by trading a pack of Marlboro cigarettes, which I later gifted to my ENT Professor- Gardega, who had performed my tonsil surgery.

As our train departed from Bucharest and journeyed deeper into the countryside, I was struck by the breathtaking beauty of rural Romania, which was tinged with an unsettling aura reminiscent of Jonathan Harker's diary. The landscape exuded an air of ancient superstition and mystery. During the ride, I met a Romanian girl named Anka, who was on her way to Bulgaria. She was a beauty with black hair and bright eyes. She could speak a little English and Russian. Somehow, we tried to understand each other. When I asked about Dracula's castle, she told me that we were just 180 kilometres from Dracula's castle, and I found myself captivated by her stories.

Dracula, often associated with the infamous vampire legend, was inspired by Vlad III of Wallachia, a 15th-century Romanian prince known for his fierce resistance against the Ottoman Empire. Vlad, notorious for his brutal methods of execution, particularly impalement, earned a reputation for extreme cruelty that would later influence Bram Stoker's fictional portrayal of Dracula. However, it is important to note that Vlad the Impaler was not an embodiment of an evil heretic; throughout his life, he was regarded as a defender of Christendom. The decision by Stoker to depict him as a malevolent figure in opposition to Christian values raises questions about the motivations behind this characterization. 

The portrayal of Dracula as an anti-Christ figure, often referred to as the "Prince of Darkness," is a misrepresentation of his historical role. In reality, Vlad the Impaler, the figure behind the Dracula legend, was a staunch defender of the Christian faith, actively resisting Turkish forces and thwarting the spread of Islam in Romania and Bulgaria. Despite his efforts to protect Christianity, Vlad's legacy has been tarnished, leading to his unjust reputation as an antichrist. 

Anka shared intriguing tales about vampires and werewolves, revealing that in some Romanian villages, residents still hang crucifixes and garlic as a means of warding off evil. I inquired with Anka about the origins of the belief that vampires are repelled by garlic. One possible explanation is that garlic emits a potent odour that is intolerable to these mythical creatures.

Anka described the beauty of the Carpathian Mountains. The Carpathian Mountains are special for their vast, relatively untouched wilderness. Near the border between Romania and Bulgaria, I saw the Danube River. It is the only major river in Europe that flows from west to east, traversing or bordering 10 countries. Originating in the Black Forest of Germany, it meanders through ten countries, including Austria, Hungary, and Romania, before finally emptying into the Black Sea.

Upon entering Dracula's land, I was reminded of Jonathan Harker's vivid descriptions in his diary. The foreboding atmosphere enveloped me as I observed the eerie vegetation, imposing mountains, and the sombre expressions of the local peasants in this enigmatic territory. 

Bram Stoker's "Dracula" vividly portrays Jonathan Harker's journey into the vampire's castle, where he encounters terrifying events and frantically escapes from the castle. However, Dracula's curse follows him to England. Finally, Harker gathers his companions and defeats Dracula by driving a stake through his heart and decapitating him. In my own narrative, titled "The Death of Jonathan Harker," which was published in 2014, I explore a continuation of Harker's story. 

Seven years later, as Harker returns to Dracula's domain with Mina, Dr. Seward, and their young son, Quincy. This visit reveals lingering fears as they discover remnants of the past, including ancient gold coins and Turkish swords. A critical moment occurs when Dr. Seward inadvertently cuts his finger when he tries to check the sharpness of a Turkish sword, allowing a drop of blood to fall onto the dust-laden floor, inadvertently resurrecting Dracula from his ashes. Although they manage to escape the castle, their lives are soon plagued by a series of horrors; after seven months of their visit to Carpathian, Dr. Seward is brutally murdered by an unidentified killer, Jonathan is haunted by terrifying visions, and Mina succumbs to illness, calling for the count before her death. Ultimately, Harker is isolated and tormented by the echoes of Dracula's curse. Out of fear, Harker fills his room with crucifixes and garlic, yet he hears frightful sounds, the voices of Dracula's brides. Finally, he descends into madness and dies in a hospital. The young doctor who treated Harker thinks that his patient suffered from a neurotic attack and died. 

For me, Romania remains a Southeastern European country known for its rich history and diverse natural beauty. I saw the Roma people, Romania's largest ethnic minority. They are called "Gypsies" (nowadays, this word is considered ethnic slang). They lived in poverty. The Roma people migrated to Eastern Europe from Northern India. Some say they served as slaves or labourers in the Roman Army. The film Borat accurately portrays the living conditions of Roma people, highlighting issues such as poverty, inadequate education, and the impact of racial discrimination. In the later years, I saw many Romanian Roma people in Canada.

Once at Fairview Mall in North York, Canada, I had an unexpected encounter with two young Roma boys, likely around 11 or 12 years old. While ascending the escalator, I noticed one of the boys holding a wooden tray against his chest. The escalator was crowded and moving slowly.  I suddenly felt pressure against my back, followed by the sensation of someone trying to reach for my wallet in my back pocket. It became apparent that the boys were attempting to pickpocket me, using the tray to hide their actions from the CCTV cameras. After securing my wallet, I watched as they feigned innocence while entering a nearby clothing store, revealing that they were likely being exploited by some Roma adults for theft. Interestingly, my brother later shared a similar experience he had while on vacation in Italy.

Slovaks represent a notable minority in Romania, belonging to the West Slavic ethnic group. Jonathan Harker described the Slovaks he saw as "more barbarian than the rest" due to the prevalent Victorian-era British imperialist biases and ethnocentric views of his time. During World War 2, some Slovaks supported the German Wehrmacht.

In Romania, ethnic Romanians constitute around 89.3% of the total population. During my time in the United States and Canada, I encountered several Romanians who expressed surprise that I had visited Romania during its socialist period. One notable interaction was with a Romanian woman who worked as a building manageress in Toronto; we frequently discussed my experiences in Romania, which provided a unique perspective on the country's history.

Sometimes I make my tailor-made Romanian jokes. Last year, during a routine visit to Life Labs in Ajax, Ontario, I encountered a friendly nurse with an Irish accent while having my blood drawn. In a casual conversation, I inquired whether they were hiring at the blood bank, mentioning that I had a friend with expertise in hematology who was seeking employment specifically in a blood bank. The nurse recommended that my friend check the Life Labs website for potential job openings.  However, I explained that my friend, who came from Transylvania, is not particularly tech-savvy and is an old-school guy. I further mentioned that he has specific working conditions that require him to work only from 6 PM to 6 AM and no daytime shifts. Moreover, he cannot stand the smell of garlic.  After listening to my story, the nurse promptly responded with a smile. “Ho no, your friend is not permitted to enter the life labs”.

In recent years, Romania has experienced a notable increase in the number of Sri Lankan workers, a stark contrast to the minimal presence during the 1990s. When I applied for my Romanian visa at the embassy in Moscow, I was pleasantly surprised by the warm welcome I received. The visa officer, upon seeing my Sri Lankan passport, recognized it and greeted me with a smile, referencing "Mrs. Barandanayeke’s country" before stamping my passport. This moment marked the only occasion on which my Sri Lankan passport was met with such a positive acknowledgment.

Pedophilia- Sexual Offending Against Children in Sri Lanka

 

 

Dr. Ruwan M Jayatunge, M.D. PhD 

The issue of pedophilia is increasingly alarming in Sri Lanka, where a disturbing number of offenders include individuals who are often trusted figures within the community. This troubling trend encompasses a range of perpetrators, such as neighbours, religious leaders, educators, and even family members, who exploit their positions of authority and trust to commit indecent acts against vulnerable children. Analyzing child sexual abuse in Sri Lanka, de Silva (1997) emphasizes the "iceberg phenomenon," illustrating that a significant portion of abuse takes place within local communities and households, often hidden from public view.

The National Child Protection Authority (NCPA) of Sri Lanka reports that the country receives more than 10,000 complaints of child abuse each year, with a significant number classified as sexual violence and harassment. However, local and international organizations caution that the true extent of these issues is likely much greater due to societal stigma and a low rate of reporting. In the first eleven months of 2024, Sri Lanka documented 1,526 cases of child rape and 544 instances of serious sexual abuse. Furthermore, in 2025, the NCPA officially recorded 545 cases of sexual harassment, 231 cases of severe sexual abuse, and 38 cases of child rape among the complaints related to children.

The effects of child sexual abuse on victims are profoundly harmful and far-reaching, often leading to long-lasting psychological and emotional scars. Survivors frequently endure significant trauma, which can lead to conditions such as anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (Hughes et al.,2020). These mental health challenges can obstruct their ability to establish healthy relationships and foster trust, as the violation of their innocence instills a lasting sense of fear and vulnerability (DiLillo, 2001).  

According to Cutajar and team (2010), many victims also grapple with feelings of shame and guilt, which can isolate them from potential support networks and intensify their pain. The toll on their self-esteem can be severe, affecting various life domains, including education and career opportunities.  Additionally, the physical ramifications of abuse may be considerable, with victims potentially facing injuries or health issues that necessitate ongoing medical care. Ultimately, the consequences of pedophilia extend well beyond the initial trauma, influencing the victim's overall life path and well-being, and in some cases, leading to a cycle of abuse in adulthood (Seto & Lalumière, 2010).  

The involvement of adults in sexual activities with minors is recognized as a pathological behavior, primarily due to the severe psychological and social consequences it entails. This behavior is commonly referred to as pedophilia, a term that encompasses a range of actions and inclinations that violate the fundamental rights and well-being of children.

Pedophilia is characterized by a persistent sexual attraction to pre-pubertal children, as noted by Seto (2009). This condition, classified as a type of paraphilia, is significant not only for the distress it causes the individual but also for the potential harm it poses to others. Furthermore, it is important to recognize that pedophilia does not always manifest in isolation, as highlighted by Tenbergen et al. (2015).

Pedophiles exhibit persistent sexual fantasies, urges, or behaviors directed towards one or more prepubescent children, typically aged 13 or younger, for a duration of at least six months. These impulses significantly influence the individual's actions, making it challenging for them to resist or control their thoughts and behaviors. Additionally, the individual must be at least 16 years old and at least five years older than the child who is the focus of these fantasies or behaviors (Perrotta, 2020).  

As described by Perrotta (2020), there are two distinct categories of pedophiles: sadistic and playful. Sadistic pedophiles derive intense gratification from inflicting harm on their victims, employing both psychological tactics, such as humiliation, and physical violence. In contrast, playful pedophiles engage with children in a manner that is less likely to cause trauma, focusing on play rather than harm.

In psychodynamic theory, the genesis of pedophilia is viewed as a defense mechanism against deep-seated psychological anxieties rooted in early childhood development (Perrotta, 2020).  According to Freud, the origins of pedophilia lie in a developmental failure where the adult sexual drive (libido) becomes stuck in, or retreats to, childhood stages due to profound psychological conflict (Freud, 1962).  

The modern perspective on pedophilia has shifted from early psychodynamic theories to a more nuanced neurodevelopmental approach. Instead of viewing it merely as a psychological defense mechanism, contemporary psychiatry, neuroscience, and clinical psychology recognize true (idiopathic) pedophilia as an intrinsic sexual orientation or preference. This understanding posits that it may arise from atypical brain development during prenatal or early childhood stages (Cantor et al., 2002). While the etiology and pathogenesis of pedophilia remain unclear, research indicates that it may be a multifactorial developmental disorder (Knecht, 2001). Additionally, Becerra García (2009) notes that individuals with pedophilia display various neural alterations, characterized by a predominantly subcortical pattern of brain activation in response to sexual stimuli.

Research indicates that individuals with pedophilic tendencies often exhibit a range of psychiatric traits beyond their atypical sexual interests. These may include elevated instances of affective disorders, substance use disorders, impulse control issues, various paraphilias, and personality disorders classified under clusters A and B (Perrotta, 2020).

Treatment for pedophilia encompasses addressing both the needs of victims and the behaviors of perpetrators. This dual approach aims to provide support and rehabilitation for those affected while also focusing on the underlying issues faced by offenders. By recognizing the complexities of this issue, effective strategies can be developed to prevent further harm and promote healing for all involved.

Addressing the needs of victims of child sexual abuse requires a comprehensive and sensitive approach that prioritizes their emotional and psychological well-being. It is essential to create a safe and supportive environment where survivors feel empowered to share their experiences without fear of judgment or retribution. Professional intervention, including therapy and counseling, plays a crucial role in helping victims process their trauma and develop coping strategies. Therapeutic modalities such as cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) and trauma-focused therapy can be particularly effective in addressing the complex emotions and behaviors that often arise following such abuse (APA,2020).

Additionally, involving caregivers and family members in the healing process can foster a supportive network that reinforces the victim's recovery journey. It is also vital to provide education and resources to help victims understand their rights and the legal options available to them, ensuring they feel informed and supported as they navigate the aftermath of their experiences. Ultimately, a holistic approach that combines psychological support, education, and community resources is essential for facilitating healing and resilience in survivors of child sexual abuse

Treatment for pedophilia typically involves a combination of pharmacological interventions, such as antiandrogens, anxiolytics, and serotonin reuptake inhibitors, alongside various forms of psychotherapy, including cognitive-behavioural therapy, strategic approaches, or group therapy. This integrated approach aims to address both the psychological and physiological aspects of the condition, enhancing the effectiveness of the treatment. Thibaut et al., 2014). Vanderschueren (1996) suggest to treat Pedophilia with chemical castration, especially with Antiandrogens

Child abuse represents a significant societal issue that has far-reaching consequences for the well-being of children. Communities must take proactive measures to eradicate child sexual abuse, as this form of violence not only inflicts immediate harm but also leaves lasting psychological scars on its victims. Education and social awareness play crucial roles in this endeavor; by informing the public about the signs of abuse and the importance of intervention, society can create a safer environment for children. Additionally, it is vital to safeguard those in vulnerable situations, ensuring that protective measures are in place to prevent abuse from occurring in the first place. 

Victims of child abuse require comprehensive support, including psychological counseling to help them heal from their traumatic experiences and legal assistance to navigate the complexities of the justice system. Furthermore, it is essential to hold perpetrators accountable for their actions, ensuring they face appropriate legal consequences while also providing them with access to treatment programs aimed at addressing the underlying issues that contribute to their behavior. Only through a multifaceted approach that combines prevention, support, and accountability can society hope to effectively combat child abuse and protect its most vulnerable members.

  

References

American Psychological Association. (2020). Guidelines for the treatment of survivors of sexual assault. Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/advocacy/health/sexual-assault-guidelines

Becerra García, J. A. (2009). Etiology of pedophilia from a neurodevelopmental perspective: markers and brain alterations [Etiología de la pedofilia desde el neurodesarrollo: marcadores y alteraciones cerebrales]. Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, 2(4), 190–196. doi.org.

Cantor, J. M., Blanchard, R., Robichaud, L. K., & Christensen, B. K. (2002). Quantitative reanalysis of gross morphometric brain anomalies in pedophilia. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 14(3), 241–261. doi.org.

Cutajar, J., Mullen, P. E., Ogloff, J. R., Thomas, S. D., Wells, D. L., & Chang, J. (2010). Psychopathology, Weddington, and educational outcomes in adult survivors of child sexual abuse. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 44(4), 363–370. doi.org.

de Silva, D. G. H. (1997). Child abuse in Sri Lanka. Ceylon Journal of Child Health, 26, 20–28

DiLillo, D. (2001). Interpersonal functioning among adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse: A review of the empirical literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 21(3), 363–387. doi.org

Freud, S. (1962). Three essays on the theory of sexuality (J. Strachey, Trans.). Basic Books. (Original work published 1905)

Knecht T. Die Pädophilie und ihre Behandlung [Pedophilia and its treatment]. Praxis (Bern 1994). 2001 Nov 1;90(44):1906-12. German. PMID: 11721303.

Hughes, K., Lowey, H., Quigg, Z., & Bellis, M. A. (2020). Long-term outcomes of childhood sexual abuse: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 21(3), 512–527. doi.org

Perrotta, G. (2020). Pedophilia: Definition, classifications, criminological and neurobiological profiles, and clinical treatments. A complete review. Open Journal of Pediatrics and Child Health, 5(1), 19–26. doi.org

Seto M. C. (2009). Pedophilia. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 5, 391–407. 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153618.

Seto, M. C., & Lalumière, M. L. (2010). What is the relationship between childhood sexual victimization and adult sexual offending? A systematic review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 11(3), 114–126. doi.org

Tenbergen G, Wittfoth M, Frieling H, Ponseti J, Walter M, Walter H, Beier KM, Schiffer B, Kruger TH. The Neurobiology and Psychology of Pedophilia: Recent Advances and Challenges. Front Hum Neurosci. 2015 Jun 24;9:344. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00344. PMID: 26157372; PMCID: PMC4478390.

Thibaut, F., De La Barra, F., Gordon, H., Cosyns, P., & Bradford, J. M. (2014). The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the biological treatment of paraphilias. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 15(3), 162–174. doi.org.

Vanderschueren DM. Hormonale behandeling van pedofilie [Hormone treatment of pedophilia]. Verh K Acad Geneeskd Belg. 1997;59(5):371-8. Dutch. PMID: 9490924.