Dr. Ruwan M Jayatunge, M.D. PhD
The prolonged
30-year armed conflict in Sri Lanka has left many military veterans and former
members of the LTTE grappling with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Many
individuals suffering from PTSD remain undiagnosed and without treatment. The
individuals affected by the conflict carry deep psychological wounds and
haunting memories of war-related violence. There is a tendency for these PTSD
victims to engage in violent acts.
Police reports
suggest that former soldiers and some ex-members of the LTTE are involved in
criminal activities and exhibit social aggression. The involvement of former military personnel,
especially deserters, in criminal activities poses a considerable security
threat. Authorities have observed that individuals with military training who
exit the armed forces are often targeted by organized crime groups for
participation in serious offences. A notable number of these individuals engage
in drug-related crimes, further complicating the nation's security landscape.
As of April 2025,
Sri Lankan authorities report the arrest of approximately 1,700 individuals who
deserted the military and became involved in organized crime (Balasuriya,
2025). A significant number of these individuals are likely suffering from
combat-related PTSD. The increase in violent behaviour and criminal activities
among former combatants presents a serious threat to civil society. Therefore,
it is crucial to take immediate measures to mitigate the violence and
criminality linked to these ex-combatants.
Research has consistently demonstrated a significant link between
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and aggressive behaviour (Blakey et
al.,2018). According to Orth & Wieland (2006), individuals suffering from
PTSD often experience heightened emotional responses, which can manifest as
irritability, anger, and impulsive actions. The stress and anxiety associated
with PTSD can exacerbate feelings of frustration and helplessness, further
contributing to aggressive outbursts (Saffari et al., 2021).
According to Taylor
and team (2020), combat veterans with PTSD face a roughly 60% higher risk of
justice-system involvement. Soldiers experiencing combat trauma often face
significant challenges in adjusting to civilian life. The shift from a highly
structured military setting to the unpredictability of civilian life can foster
feelings of isolation and disillusionment. The psychological wounds inflicted
by their experiences can hinder their ability to function effectively within
society. Moreover, the lack of sufficient support systems and rehabilitation
programs intensifies these difficulties, sometimes driving individuals toward
illicit activities as a means of coping and survival.
Research has shown
that military veterans of the Vietnam War often experienced post-traumatic
stress disorder (PTSD), which contributed to their involvement in violent and
criminal behaviors (Beckham et al.,1997). One alarming case study is that of Andrew
Brannan, a highly decorated Vietnam veteran who received the Bronze Star. He struggled
with combat-related PTSD and was charged with the murder of a police officer in
1998. Ultimately, Brannan was executed in 2015 for his crime.
Some Soviet
veterans who served in Afghanistan and experienced Afghan Syndrome, a form of
PTSD, upon their return to the Soviet Union, found themselves drawn into
organized crime and criminal gangs. This transition was often a response to the
psychological trauma they faced, as they struggled to reintegrate into society
and cope with their experiences (Schuck, 2020).
Valery
Radshchikov, a former Soviet veteran of the Afghan War, was a highly decorated
paratrooper who tragically lost both legs in a landmine explosion during the
conflict. After returning to the Soviet Union, he became involved in criminal
activities, ultimately leading a gang that orchestrated a remote-controlled
bombing at the Kotlyakovskoye Cemetery in Moscow on November 10, 1996,
resulting in the deaths of 14 individuals.
According to Elbogen
and colleagues (2010) Some U.S. soldiers who served in Iraq and Afghanistan
have experienced post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which has led to their
involvement in violent crimes. A
particularly harrowing case is that of Staff Sergeant Robert Bales, who, after
being diagnosed with PTSD and a traumatic brain injury, perpetrated a horrific
act by killing 16 Afghan civilians, including many women and children, while
they slept in Kandahar, Afghanistan.
Research indicates
that Sri Lankan war veterans suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
may exhibit a propensity for violent behavior and criminal activities
(Jayatunge, 2013). A specific case example may provide valuable insights into
this issue.
Rathnayaka
Mudiyanselage Jinadasa, known as Army Jine, was a courageous soldier in the Sri
Lanka Commando unit, recognized for his remarkable combat abilities. However,
the psychological toll of combat led to significant behavioral issues,
resulting in disciplinary charges against him. Subsequently, Jine went absent
without leave (AWOL) and engaged in a series of serious crimes, including
highway robberies, murders, and rapes, while evading law enforcement by
utilizing survival skills he had acquired. Reports indicate that he was
responsible for nearly 27 rapes during his time on the run. His criminal
activities came to an end in 2003 when he was fatally shot by police. There is
substantial evidence suggesting that Army Jine suffered from post-traumatic
stress disorder (PTSD) related to his military service.
Research into the
factors that lead some war veterans with PTSD to engage in violent and criminal
behavior has identified several key theories. One prominent explanation is the
impact of trauma on emotional regulation, which can result in heightened
aggression and impulsivity (Miles et al., 2015). Additionally, social and
environmental influences, such as isolation and lack of support, may exacerbate
these tendencies, pushing veterans towards maladaptive coping mechanisms (Elbogen
et al., 2014). Furthermore, the
interplay between PTSD symptoms, such as hyperarousal and re-experiencing
traumatic events, can create a cycle of violence as individuals struggle to
manage their distress (Chemtob et al.,1997). Exposure to trauma and its subsequent
reenactment can lead military veterans with war-related psychological issues to
engage in violent behavior (Van der Kolk, 1989). Understanding these theories
is crucial for developing effective interventions and support systems for
affected veterans.
Preventing
veterans with PTSD from resorting to violent or criminal behavior is a vital
concern that necessitates a comprehensive strategy. Tailored treatment and
rehabilitation programs are essential to address the specific experiences and
challenges these individuals face. This approach should include extensive
mental health services that combine medication with proven psychological
therapies, such as cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) and exposure therapy,
both of which have demonstrated effectiveness in reducing PTSD symptoms
(Watkins et al., 2018). Additionally, Eye Movement Desensitization and
Reprocessing (EMDR) has also proven to be highly effective for veterans
suffering from PTSD (Hurley, 2018).
Additionally,
integrating support systems that involve family members and peer support groups
can foster a sense of community and understanding, which is essential for
recovery (Hundt et al.,2015). Furthermore,
vocational training and employment assistance can provide veterans with a sense
of purpose and stability, reducing the likelihood of resorting to negative
coping mechanisms Davis (et al.,2018). It
is also vital to ensure that these programs are accessible and culturally competent,
recognizing the diverse backgrounds and needs of veterans. By implementing a
holistic approach that combines psychological support, social reintegration,
and practical skills development, we can significantly improve the outcomes for
veterans struggling with PTSD and help them lead fulfilling lives free from
violence and criminal behaviour.
References
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(2025, April 8). 1,700 armed forces deserters arrested in crime crackdown:
Minister. Daily Mirror. https://www.dailymirror.lk/breaking-news/1-700-armed-forces-deserters-arrested-in-crime-crackdown-Minister/108-306272
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and the Mafia State (Doctoral dissertation). This work specifically examines
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